Participles

In the case of participles (p.154) what needs to be remembered is (Page numbers are from Duffy’s Essentials)

The first line:

the nominatives

“WN, OUSA, ON (indicative masc., fem., neut)” and

“SAS, SASA, SAN (aorist- masc., fem., neut.)”.

Subsequently:

And then decline it downwards with the interjection of “NT” in the 3rd declension endings (masc./neuter- outer columns) but not for the 1st declention (Feminine- middle column)

(note: “W” stands for Omega, pronounced long “o”).

So the participle forms for Luo (I release)

Note that as in all 3rd declension verbs, the first form (Nom.Sing.) is irregular, while the rest follow the set endings, while for the 1st declension (fem- middle column), its like the noun doxa, or hemera, the “a” ending nouns rather then “e” like arche:

Masc/Neut Indicative: “luWN, luONTA, luONTOS, luONTI, PLU: luONTES, luONTAS, luONTWN, luOUSIN

(Neuter the nom and acc are the same and would be luON, luON, and plu. luONTA, luONTA)

Masculine/Neut Aorist:  “luSAS, luSANTA, luSANTOS, luSANTI, luSANTES, luSANTAS, luSANTWN, luSASIN.

(neut. Nom./Acc: luSAN, luSAN plu: luSANTA, luSANTA)

(in 3P note the predictable contraction “ont+sin =ousin” makes this the same as the indicative)

Note: The ON ending can either be neuter nom./acc/ participle, but also imperfect 1S/3P (p.70: eluon, elues, eluen, eluomen, eluete, eluon)

for the middle column, which is 1st declension:

Indicative: “luOUSA, luOUSAN, luOUSES, luOUSEi; plural: luOUSAI, luOUSAS, luOUSWN, luOUSAIS”

and aorist: “luSASA, luSASAN, luSASES, luSASEi plural: luSASAI, luSASAS, luSASWN, luSASAIS.

Getting used to the sounds in the CAPS is useful, because that’s the mark of the participle. Essentially its the ONTA and SANTA words. In the nominative (where you don’t if you see WN ending, you know its participle.

Finally, note that dependent/middle verbs

have “-menos, etc” endings and are just 1st /2nd declension , like logos, arche, ergon words.

So you can see how Greek is all a game of endings (suffixes) and a few prefixes

To recall some other Aorist “S” endings

Participle is SAS, SASA, SAN,

You will differentiate the SAS SASA SAN from the indicative in that the indicative has the E prefix- Indicative aorist is EluSA, ELluSAS, EluSE(N), EluSAMEN, EluSATE, EluSAN

SON!, SATE! is imperative,

(SATO ending is just 3S Aorist middle/deponent -see below)

SAI is infinitive.

All this we covered in Moods chapter p.79 of Duffy

Future “S” endings are exactly the present with simple “s” insertion: luSO, luSEIS, luSEI, luSAMEN, luSETE, luSOUSIN)

Other Indicative endings

WN, OUSA, ON as we saw above;

E!, ETE! is imperative (ete has overlap with indicative);

EIN is infinitive

The “theta” suffix tells you that it is one of the “s” endings (future or aorist) AND that its passive voice. In participial form it is always going to be aorist because there’s no future participle.

So the aorist passive participial endings go THEIS, THEISA, THEN and followed by THENTA, THEISAN etc.

while the perfect participial endings are KWS, KUIA, KOS, and then KOTA, KUIAN etc. (not konta)

Aorist middle/reflexive/deponent goes:

EluSAMEN, EluSW, EluSATO, EluSAMETHA, EluSASTHE (these are the only two “THeta” usages here, it is used much more in the passive, which we might add later), EluSANTO (p.259)

Verbs

Going across the Verb Table

its useful to go across the table sometimes. That’ll tie everything together in your brain and cross-link it. For example:

I was loosing, I loosed, I am losing, I will lose, MIDDLE: l lost myself, I lose myself PASSIVE I am lost, I was lost, I will be lost, SUBJUNCTIVE I might lose. eluov, eluso, luo, luso, luomai, MIDDLE eluomev, elusomen(?), luomai, lusomai PASSIVE eluomen, ELUTHEN, luomai, luthesomai

Some tips about tenses

Remember that the second person singular is nearly always an “E” ending. even in the deponent (p91) but here you get “long e”, and in imperfect/ aorist it changes eruOU, and eruSO. Its very strange to find these here.

The “ON” endings (imprefect) are the same first and last line (1s and 3p), also “a” and “an” in aorist (elusa, elusan). “EN endings are 2S in imperfect and aorist.

But the passive aorist is highly irregular, including the endings “elulthemen, eluthes, eluthe, eluthemen, eluthete, eluthesan” (the “e” suffixes are all epsilon, not eta)

ALL the first persons (active, middle and passive) EXCEPT the active singular (top row) have “m” endings, and “me” in plural. This makes it really easy to spot the 1st person, since “it is me!”

The “theta” suffix tells you that it is one of the “s” endigs (future or aorist) AND that its passive voice. In participial form it is always going to be aorist because there’s no future participle

Nouns

the only time a neuter noun ends in “on” is the first declension (ergon) singular. Otherwise it’s always “a.

Of course this means the corresponding article, adjective etc. also end in “on”

Finally, the neuter for “one” is “ev”